{"id":20272,"date":"2026-04-08T21:49:05","date_gmt":"2026-04-08T21:49:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hlsllc.org\/tos\/?page_id=20272"},"modified":"2026-04-13T22:44:52","modified_gmt":"2026-04-13T22:44:52","slug":"venous-tos","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/hlsllc.org\/tos\/venous-tos\/","title":{"rendered":"Venous TOS"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"20272\" class=\"elementor elementor-20272\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a705524 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a705524\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-606cd47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"606cd47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb419a8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fb419a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-749f434 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"749f434\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-811cf3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"811cf3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-paragraph\">\n<p class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"awb-toc-el\">\n<div class=\"awb-toc-el__content\">\n<ul class=\"awb-toc-el__list\">\n \t<li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a href=\"#toc_Venous_Thoracic_Outlet_Syndrome_is_Uncommon\">\nVenous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome is Uncommon\n<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a href=\"#toc_Causes_of_Venous_Thoracic_Outlet_Syndrome\">\nCauses of Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome\n<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a href=\"#toc_Venous_Thoracic_Outlet_Syndrome_Creates_Dramatic_Symptoms\">\nVenous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Creates Dramatic Symptoms\n<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a href=\"#toc_Venous_Thoracic_Outlet_Syndrome_is_Relatively_Easy_to\">\nVenous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome is Relatively Easy to Diagnose\n<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a href=\"#toc_Treatment_of_Venous_Thoracic_Outlet_Syndrome_is_Effective\">\nTreatment of Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome is Effective but Unsettled\n<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a href=\"#toc_Venous_Thoracic_Outlet_Syndrome_Recurrence\">\nVenous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Recurrence\n<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div> \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2849a7b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2849a7b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca6a981 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ca6a981\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ca9d9b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4ca9d9b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2a7cc9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e2a7cc9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"toc_Venous_Thoracic_Outlet_Syndrome_is_Uncommon\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome is Uncommon\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9044ebf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9044ebf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-paragraph\"><div class=\"fusion-text\"><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><p>Venous thoracic outlet syndrome is quite uncommon. Of all patients who receive the diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome, between 2 and 5% have venous TOS.<\/p><p>Pre-eminent physician Sir James Paget in London was the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8569271\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first to describe venous thoracic outlet syndrome<\/a>, in 1875. Interestingly, another pre-eminent physician, Leopold von Schroetter, recognized venous thoracic outlet syndrome simultaneously and independently in Vienna, although he did not publish the case until 1884.<\/p><p>Both Paget and von Schroetter described venous\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tosmri.com\/what-is-thoracic-outlet-syndrome\/thoracic-outlet-syndrome\/\">thoracic outlet syndrome<\/a>\u00a0associated with blood clot in the subclavian vein. In 1939, Charles McLaughlin described a similar clinical syndrome caused by intermittent obstruction of the subclavian vein, but without blood clot. In 1951, McCleery et al described this syndrome in further detail. Today, this syndrome is referred to as McCleery syndrome. McCleery\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tosmri.com\/what-is-thoracic-outlet-syndrome\/types-of-thoracic-outlet-syndrome\/\">syndrome is not as widely diagnosed as those forms of venous TOS<\/a>\u00a0with a venous blood clot in the arm, even though McCleery syndrome should be recognized as a form of venous TOS.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74b1b87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"74b1b87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/hlsllc.org\/tos\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Woman-African-Face-Pain-Hair-Hands-Cropped.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-20291\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f054d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8f054d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"toc_Causes_of_Venous_Thoracic_Outlet_Syndrome\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Causes of Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1989e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d1989e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-paragraph\"><div class=\"fusion-text\"><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\"><p>The subclavian vein provides the primary pathway for venous blood to flow from the arm to the heart. When the subclavian vein is partially or completely blocked, and the patient has symptoms of venous blood clot in the arm, venous\u00a0<a title=\"Zack Wheeler, Phillies\u2019 Ace, Struck Down by Thoracic Outlet Syndrome\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tosmri.com\/zack-wheeler-phillies-ace-struck-down-by-thoracic-outlet-syndrome\/\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"114\">thoracic outlet syndrome<\/a>\u00a0is present.<\/p><p>Blood flow in the body follows a well-described pattern. Blood passes through the lungs and absorbs oxygen. This oxygenated blood is pumped to the body by the heart under high pressure. This high-pressure oxygenated blood flows through arteries, which have a thick muscular wall, to every part of the body.<\/p><p>Each artery branches unto smaller and smaller arteries until they reach a capillary bed. Capillaries are tiny branching blood vessels with walls that are one cell layer thick. Tissues extract oxygen from the blood in the capillary bed and release metabolic end-products such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid. The capillaries then take this deoxygenated blood and send it to small veins, which join other small veins to form larger veins, which eventually empty into the two largest veins of the body, the inferior vena cava (from the abdomen and lower body), and the superior vena cava (from the head, neck, and upper extremities). The inferior vena cava and superior vena cava return blood to the heart under low pressure. Because venous blood is under low pressure, vein walls are thin and have no muscles.<\/p><p>Once the venous blood returns to the heart, the heart pumps it through the lungs. In the lungs, the blood releases carbon dioxide and absorbs fresh oxygen. This oxygenated blood returns to the heart, which pumps the oxygenated blood under high pressure to the body through arteries, and the cycle repeats.<\/p><p>In order to understand venous TOS, let us look more specifically at blood flow through the arms. Oxygenated blood is pumped by the heart into each arm through a single, large, muscular subclavian artery. When this blood reaches a capillary bed, the tissues in that area extract oxygen from the blood and deposit metabolic end-products into the blood. This deoxygenated venous blood returns to the heart through a single, large subclavian vein (although a few smaller veins may participate). This process is known as \u2018venous drainage.\u2019<\/p><p>Under normal circumstances, low-pressure venous blood passes easily out of the arm on its trip back to the heart. But when a person develops a venous blood clot in the arm, or if the subclavian vein is extrinsically compressed, symptoms of venous\u00a0<a title=\"Why Athletes are More at Risk for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tosmri.com\/why-athletes-are-more-at-risk-for-thoracic-outlet-syndrome\/\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"232\">thoracic outlet syndrome<\/a>\u00a0may occur. This patient can now receive the diagnosis of venous TOS.<\/p><p>Both Paget and von Schroetter described cases of venous\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tosmri.com\/what-is-thoracic-outlet-syndrome\/history-of-thoracic-outlet-syndrome\/\">TOS associated caused by a venous blood clot<\/a>\u00a0in the arm. McLaughlin and McCleery described mechanical extrinsic compression of the subclavian vein in the arm. Both sets of patients demonstrated similar symptoms of venous TOS, albeit due to different mechanisms.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db163ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"db163ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"267\" height=\"368\" src=\"https:\/\/hlsllc.org\/tos\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Sir-James-Paget.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-20292\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8eb66f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"8eb66f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Causes of Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fc6f43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8fc6f43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"toc_Venous_Thoracic_Outlet_Syndrome_Creates_Dramatic_Symptoms\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Creates Dramatic Symptoms\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47ce12d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47ce12d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Patients with venous TOS frequently present with dramatic symptoms. A typical example might be the patient who appears in the emergency room with a swollen, heavy, bluish arm. The ER doctor notices strange superficial veins over the shoulder and chest on the same side as the swollen arm. The ER doctor orders a stat ultrasound examination, and the sonographer discovers a large blood clot in the subclavian vein on the side with swelling. The ER team calls in a vascular surgeon, and the surgeon tells the patient they will be jumping on the case.<\/p><p>In most cases, the formation of blood clot in the subclavian vein (the dominant vein bringing blood from the arm back to the heart) causes\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tosmri.com\/what-is-thoracic-outlet-syndrome\/causes-of-thoracic-outlet-syndrome\/causes-of-venous-thoracic-outlet-syndrome\/\">venous TOS<\/a>. The blood clot prevents low-pressure venous blood from leaving the arm on its way to the heart.<\/p><p>Patients often note a relatively sudden onset of swelling, heaviness and pain in the affected arm. The arm may develop a dark blue color, and new superficial veins may appear over the chest and shoulder on the side of the blood clot. These superficial veins allow at least a little of the blood to drain from the arm to the heart.<\/p><p>Complications of venous TOS are rare, but can be serious, including blood clots traveling to the lungs. Once the venous blood clot in the arm is confirmed by ultrasound or other imaging tests, doctors treat the venous blood clot in the arm urgently. Following treatment of the venous blood clot, doctors undertake diagnosis and treatment of the underlying anatomy that compressed the vein and led to the venous blood clot in the arm.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a06d80f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a06d80f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/hlsllc.org\/tos\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Gray-veins-axilla-cropped-third-page.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-20296\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3afb3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"c3afb3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Diagnosis of Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb3739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dfb3739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"toc_Venous_Thoracic_Outlet_Syndrome_is_Relatively_Easy_to\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome is Relatively Easy to Diagnose\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-174e5ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"174e5ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Venous thoracic outlet syndrome is quite uncommon. Among all patients with\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tosmri.com\/what-is-thoracic-outlet-syndrome\/types-of-thoracic-outlet-syndrome\/\">thoracic outlet syndrome<\/a>, venous TOS cases comprise 2% to 5% of all cases. As noted above, the dramatic clinical presentation of patients with venous TOS is hard to miss. However, the clinical diagnosis must be confirmed with diagnostic tests.<\/p><p>Typically, imaging tests assist doctors in the critical decisions for the\u00a0<a title=\"Thoracic Outlet Syndrome MRI: Diagnosis and Treatment Options\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tosmri.com\/thoracic-outlet-syndrome-mri-diagnosis-and-treatment-options\/\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"208\">diagnosis of venous thoracic outlet syndrome<\/a>. These imaging tests most commonly include ultrasound, direct venogram, CT venogram, and MR venogram.<\/p><p>In a typical emergency room workup, ultrasound is the first-line\u00a0<a title=\"Dr. Scott Werden, MD \u2013 Diagnostic Leadership in Thoracic Outlet Syndrome\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tosmri.com\/dr-scott-werden-md-diagnostic-leadership-in-thoracic-outlet-syndrome\/\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"147\">diagnostic test for venous thoracic outlet syndrome<\/a>. Ultrasound is widely-available, free of radiation, usable in all arm positions, and relatively inexpensive. However, quality of ultrasound depends greatly on the experience of the sonographer, and some sonographers have limited experience diagnosing venous thoracic outlet syndrome. The illustration below demonstrates a venous blood clot in the arm of a patient with venous<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b89e882 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b89e882\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"292\" src=\"https:\/\/hlsllc.org\/tos\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Ultrasound-Blood-Clot-4-labeled-1-400x292-1.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-20300\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-deba5ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"deba5ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\nAdvanced imaging tests, including CT venogram and MR venogram, are occasionally used to diagnose the venous blood clot in the arm. However, these test are more widely used to follow up complicated recurrent cases, or to show the anatomical causes of vein compression.\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c8d321 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"6c8d321\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Imaging Diagnosis of Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a75d3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3a75d3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"toc_Treatment_of_Venous_Thoracic_Outlet_Syndrome_is_Effective\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Treatment of Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome is Effective but Unsettled\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1564c33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1564c33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"fusion-text\">\n\n  <p>\n    Treatment of venous thoracic outlet syndrome almost always involves the care of a surgeon. Typically, vascular surgeons are the most common choice of TOS specialist for the treatment of venous thoracic outlet syndrome.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Vascular surgeons address 4 primary stages of treatment of venous TOS:\n  <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<ul class=\"custom-arrow\">\n\n  <li>Immediate treatment of venous blood clot in arm<\/li>\n\n  <li>Correction of extrinsic vein compression<\/li>\n\n  <li>Repair of intrinsic vein damage<\/li>\n\n  <li>Follow-up to ensure patency of vein and absence of blood clot<\/li>\n\n<\/ul>\n\n<div class=\"fusion-text\">\n\n  <p>\n    While these goals may seem logical, the surgical literature has not definitely resolved several questions about treatment of venous thoracic outlet syndrome. Such issues include timing of treatment steps, methods of clot removal, approaches to resolving compression of the arm vein, and the use of stents.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <p>\n    Stents are expandable metal cages that are placed within blood vessels with the intent of keeping the vessel of interest open and patent.\n  <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bb90b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6bb90b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/hlsllc.org\/tos\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Surgeons-operating-theater-green-concerned_111211136-1.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-20307\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-237a329 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"237a329\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Treatment of Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cadf649 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cadf649\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"toc_Venous_Thoracic_Outlet_Syndrome_Recurrence\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Recurrence\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e5838f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e5838f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"fusion-text\"><p>Initial treatment outcomes for patients with venous TOS are quite good. However, a small percentage of patients experience recurrence over months to years. In general, younger patients, such as college athletes, tend to do quite well, with good results of primary treatment and with few recurrences. Older patients with longer duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis tend to have less satisfactory results from primary treatment. Unfortunately, this patient population also bears a higher risk of recurrent venous blood clot in the arm.<\/p><p>At Vanguard Specialty Imaging, we understand how confusing the diagnosis of venous TOS can be. We provide support services for all patients with thoracic outlet syndrome, and we are widely regarded as TOS specialists. Let our team help you today!<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d4a6ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"8d4a6ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Contact Us for Help with Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dbea1bd elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dbea1bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f1df4b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1f1df4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Table of Contents Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome is Uncommon Causes of Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Creates Dramatic Symptoms Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome is Relatively Easy to Diagnose Treatment of Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome is Effective but Unsettled Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Recurrence Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome is [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-20272","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hlsllc.org\/tos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20272","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hlsllc.org\/tos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hlsllc.org\/tos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hlsllc.org\/tos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hlsllc.org\/tos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20272"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/hlsllc.org\/tos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20272\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21841,"href":"https:\/\/hlsllc.org\/tos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20272\/revisions\/21841"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hlsllc.org\/tos\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20272"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}